Part A You have recently joined a local accounting firm called Combined Accounting Services as a graduate accounts trainee, attached to their SME (small and medium enterprises) unit, offering a variety of financial services. Established in 1999

Unit 5: Accounting Principles

Assignment Brief

Student Name/ID Number

Unit Number and Title

Unit 5: Accounting Principles Issue 5

Academic Year

2025-2026

Assignment Title

The Accounting Principles Assignment

Issue Date

23.02.26

Submission Date

01.05.26

Resubmission Date: 15.06.26

IV Name

Dennis Smith

IV Date of Assignment Brief

Submission Format

Part A

The assignment submission is in the form of:

  • a one-page double-sided leaflet with PowerPoint slides. The slides and leaflet should be submitted separately. You are required to make use of headings and bullet points (as appropriate). The recommended word limit for the work to be submitted in the slides and the leaflet is 1000 to 1500 words, although you will not be penalised for going under or exceeding the total word limit.

All work must be sourced using the Harvard referencing system (or a preferred alternative referencing system) and be written using comprehensive holistic writing that summarises and highlights key information and data.

You will also need to provide a bibliography using the Harvard referencing system (or alternative referencing system) for both the presentation and the leaflet. Inaccurate use of referencing may lead to issues of plagiarism if not applied correctly.

Part B

The assignment submission is in the form of:

  • a portfolio of evidence that includes financial statements (income statements, balance sheets, forecasted budgets) with accompanying spreadsheets, supplemental notes and a financial summary.

Your portfolio of evidence should be appropriately indexed, and your chosen format should ensure it is presented in a practical and clear way.

Please ensure that all sources of information are appropriately cited.This includes acknowledging any AI-supported tools (ChatGPT or Grammarly, for example) that contributed to content generation, editing, or research assistance.

Unit Learning Outcomes

LO1 Examine the context and purpose of accounting.

LO2 Prepare basic financial statements for unincorporated and small business organisations in accordance with accounting principles, conventions and standards.

LO3 Interpret financial statements.

LO4 Prepare budgets for planning, control and decision-making using spreadsheets.

Transferable skills and competencies developed

  • Effective communication of relevant information across the organisation and to appropriate stakeholders
  • Written communication using a range of media
  • Analytical skills
  • Understand business finance: how to manage budgets and financial forecasting
  • Able to monitor budgets, provide reports, consider financial implications of decisions and adjust approach and recommendations accordingly
  • Manipulation and interpretation of data using spreadsheets
  • Creation and interpretation of information and showing how that information can be used most effectively to add value to the organisation.

Vocational scenario

Part A

You have recently joined a local accounting firm called Combined Accounting Services as a graduate accounts trainee, attached to their SME (small and medium enterprises) unit, offering a variety of financial services. Established in 1999, the firm is one of the most popular local accountants, with connections to the small business owner community including crafts and tradespeople, specialists such as estate agents and car repairers, and not-for-profit charities. The firm likes to go beyond providing customers with personalised services and works closely with communities to keep them informed on all things relevant to accounting.

Part B

Your line manager at the accounting firm, Combined Accounting Services, has received many enquiries since your presentation at the last event from members of the local small business network who need help preparing their organisation’s financial reports.

You are to be made responsible for three different types of organisations (sole trader, partnership and not-for-profit) that require financial statements and their next financial year’s budget planning.

-Sole trader

A local carpenter, Jacob, has been enjoying steady success with good year-on-year profit levels. However, he is faced with a crucial financial decision. He is considering taking on a new apprentice to expand his business (Jacob’s Carpentry) and meet the growing demand for his services.

Hiring an apprentice comes with immediate costs, such as wages and training expenses. This will put pressure on his profit margins in the short term, but the long-term growth potential of having an extra skilled worker could lead to increased financial returns. Jacob needs help to analyse if his current profit can support this expansion without causing financial instability.

-Partnership

Henry & Sons, a partnership of estate agents, faces a pressing financial challenge. Its profit margins have been dwindling over the last two years due to rising staff wage costs coupled with a decrease in demand for buying/selling houses in the local community.

The partnership is determined to achieve financial stability over the next five years, and aware that it needs to strike a delicate balance between reducing operational costs, adjusting staff structures and devising innovative new marketing and sales strategies to stimulate demand in a challenging local housing market.

Currently the partners rent an office and employ two members of staff who mainly answer the phones and provide a range of administrative help, but most estate agency activities

are carried out by Henry and his two sons, Sam and Chaz.

A partnership agreement has been drawn up and provided for:

  • Profits to be shared: Henry- 50%

Sam (older son)- 25% Chaz (younger son)- 25%

  • An annual salary of £28,000 for Henry and £20,700 for Sam.
  • Interest of 2.5% per annum on closing capital balances.

-Not-for-profit

Alex, the dedicated leader of an established local not-for-profit animal charity (Care for Animals), is contemplating opening another shelter for animals in a nearby town. The charity, relying on donations and meticulously managed financial accounts, is eager to expand its impact and reach, as part of its 25-years in-service celebrations. However, the financial impact of launching a new shelter on existing operations poses a considerable dilemma. Alex and her team are grappling with upholding their mission to maintain high standards of care and support for animals in the community without overstretching resources or risking closure.

Assignment activity and guidance

Part A

As part of your ongoing training, you have been asked to attend a local small business network event at which your line manager will give a presentation titled ‘Beginner’s guide to accounting for small business owners’. It is normal at these events to provide a supporting leaflet, relevant to the presentation, for attendees to take away with them and use as a resource.

The line manager has also requested you to prepare a PowerPoint set of slides.

-PowerPoint

The PowerPoint should include slides that demonstrate a critical evaluation of the importance of accounting in an organisation and its role in decision-making and be aimed at the local audience. The evaluation should refer to management accounting’s main purposes, requirements for adhering to reporting standards and regulations, and how it meets the needs and expectations of stakeholders. Benefits,

risks and limitations of financial information should be considered, including the outsourcing of services to

others. Finally, you should include an evaluation of how accounting supports decision- making for owners, including the challenges of, and opportunities for, using accounting data effectively.

-Leaflet

The accompanying leaflet should critically assess the relevance of financial information as part of an accounting function. It should focus on the roles, skills and competences required and highlight the broader societal impact of interrelationships between accounting and finance in increasingly complex environments.

Part B

Financial statements

Based on financial information provided below, you should prepare and produce an income statement, balance sheet and forecasted budgets for all three organisations, Jacob’s Carpentry (Sole trader), Henry and Sons (Partnership) and Care for Animals (Not for Profit charity).

It is recommended you use digital software in preparing financial statements, such as

Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets or a similar alternative.

These statements must include detailed supplemental notes to identify which accounting standards were used, explanation of any assumptions made to prepare the statements and policies adopted.

Financial summaries

A financial summary for each organisation should critically evaluate year-on-year comparisons of their financial performance.

You must show the use of calculated financial ratios, giving reasons for your choices and highlighting any limitations, as a tool to evaluate performance.

Any analysis carried out must make use of a range of relevant measures and benchmarks to inform your conclusions.

Finally, you should discuss the use of budgets and budgetary planning to reveal any corrective actions for effective decision-making relevant to each organisation’s owner(s). Your critical evaluation should inform justification for suggested budgetary control solutions to ensure the efficient and effective deployment of resources.

Each of the three businesses have been operating for three years and expect to be in business for many years to come.

You have been given:

  • an extended trial balance for each business at 30 June 2025, and further details including accruals, prepayments, figures for depreciation and other adjustments too, including in one instance some doubtful debts.
    • a range of comparative key performance ratios from the previous two years.

The businesses are:

  1. Jacob’s Carpentry- sole trader
  2. Henry and Sons- partnership
  3. Care for Animals- a not-for-profit charity

Jacob’s Carpentry (Sole trader)- Trial balance at 30 June 2025

The following adjustments are required:

  • Included in the insurance figure is a payment of £400 that covers the six-month period ending 31 December 2025. You need to calculate how much of the insurance premium should be treated as a prepayment.
  • Jacob receives an invoice from the electricity supplier in July 2025 for £2 000 relating to the quarter ended 30 June 2025. This invoice needs to be accrued for in the financial statements of Jacob’s Carpentry business.
  • A further amount of depreciation is to be charged on equipment at 30 June 2025 of £2 000.

Please note that:

  • It is anticipated that together with wages and training costs the cost of a new apprentice to be recruited in February 2026 will be £20 000 for the period ended 30 June 2026 (£4 000 per month over the 5 months)
  • The value of closing inventory at 30 June 2025 is £42 000
  • PAYE/NI/VAT is a liability rather than a reduction from the profit carried to equity.

Jacob needs your advice with justifications based on relevant ratio analysis and budgeted figures on whether he should recruit a new apprentice or not.

Jacob has provided you with the following extra information:

Profit for the year as a percentage of sales revenues: For 2023 was 15% and for 2024 was 20%.

Current ratio: For 2023 was 2.5:1, for 2024 was 2.45:1.

Utilisation of net assets: For 2023 was 5:1, for 2024 was 5.0:1.

It is anticipated that all revenues and gross profit will increase by 5% year on year in 2025/6 and 2026/7. All purchases and expenses costs, other than the cost of the new apprentice, will rise by 10% year on year.

Jacob has asked you to provide a sales budget for 2026 and 2027 and a profit forecast for 2026.

Assuming revenues, purchases and expense items are spread equally and paid each month over the year prepare a cash flow forecast for Jacob’s carpentry business for the year ended 30 June 2026.

Henry and Sons (Partnership). Trial balance at 30 June 2025

£ Debit

£ Credit

Capital account – Sam

4 000

Capital account- Henry

4 000

Capital account- Chaz

4 000

Current account- Sam

1 000

Current account- Henry

900

Current account- Chaz

200

Drawings- Sam

4 000

Drawings- Henry

20 000

Drawings- Chaz

11 000

Bank

26 012

Consumables

5 488

Insurance

2 560

Legal fees

1 700

Office equipment- Cost

at 1 July 2024

50 000

Office equipment-

Accumulated depreciation at 1 July 2024

2 500

PAYE/NI liability

600

Purchases of printed media

18 500

Rent

24 000

Revenue

253 400

Travel expenses

4 500

Wages

94 300

Trade receivables

2 340

Trade payables

490

Utilities (heat/light/water)

9 690

VAT liability

3 000

274 090

274 090

The following adjustments are required:

  • Office and computer equipment is to be depreciated at 10% per annum using the straight-line method.
  • A full year’s depreciation is charged in the year of purchase and none in the year of disposal. Calculate the depreciation for the year to 30 June 2025.
  • A customer owing £240 including VAT from 1 October 2024 is to be written off as irrecoverable.
  • The partners have decided to create an allowance for doubtful debts of 2% of trade receivables.

Profit for the year as a percentage of sales revenues: For 2023 was 50% and for 2024 was 40%.

Current ratio: For 2023 was 7.2:1, for 2024 was 7.1:1.

Utilisation of net assets: Sales revenues/ Net assets for 2023 was 4.3:1, for 2024 was 4.1:1.

2025 is the first time that debts owing to Henry and Sons have become irrecoverable.

It is anticipated that expenses for 2026 will be 15% higher than in 2025 and Henry has asked for a profit for the year forecast for 2026 assuming that gross profit could be only

£200 000 for 2026. Once you have produced relevant figures, please advise Henry on what actions could be taken to help the partnership financially.

Care for Animals (not-for-profit charity). Trial balance at 30 June 2025

£ Debit

£ Credit

Computer and furniture

7 500

Grants

60 000

Staff costs

18 000

Administration costs

12 500

Rent of premises

4 000

Stationery and postage

2 250

Cash at Bank

15 500

Cash in Hand

250

60 000

60 000

There was no cash in hand or in the bank on 30 June 2024. Rent of £1,000 remained unpaid for the year on 30 June 2025. A charge of £750 should be made for depreciation at 30 June 2025 on the furniture costing £7 500 in 2025.

Surplus for the year as a percentage of grants: For 2023 was 20% and for 2024 was 22%.

Current ratio: For 2023 was 12:1, for 2024 was 13:1.

Utilisation of net assets i.e. Grants/Net assets: For 2023 was 2.0:1, for 2024 was 2.1:1.

Grants for the year to 30 June 2026 are expected to be 10% higher than those for 2025

and it is forecast that 2027’s figure will be 5% higher than 2026.

You are to assume that the cost of creating a new shelter may be £32 000, so Alex needs your advice, with figures, on what is involved and how the creation of the new shelter could be managed.

Recommended Resources

Please note that the resources listed are examples for you to use as a starting point

– the list is not definitive. Textbooks

Ionașcu, M. and Ionașcu, I. (2021) Introduction to Financial Accounting. Bucharest: Editura Economică.

Mostyn, G. (2017) Basic Accounting Concepts, Principles and Procedures, Vol.1: Building the Conceptual Foundation. 2nd Ed. California: Worthy and James Publishing.

Romney, M.B., Steinbart, P.J., Summers, S.L. and Wood, D.A. (2020) Accounting Information Systems. 15th Ed. Harlow: Pearson Education.

Thomas, A. and Ward, A.M. (2019) Introduction to Financial Accounting. 9th Ed. London: McGraw Hill.

Atrill, P. and McLaney, E. (2021) Management Accounting for Decision Makers. 10th Ed. Harlow: Pearson.

Bhimani, A., Horngren, C.T., Datar, S.M. and Rajan, M.V. (2019) Management and Cost Accounting. 8th Ed. Harlow: Pearson.

Fridson, M. and Alvarez, F. (2022) Financial Statement Analysis Workbook: A Practitioner’s Guide.

5th Ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Finance.

Ittelson, T.R. (2022) Financial Statements: A Step-by-Step Guide to Understanding and Creating Financial Reports. 3rd Ed. Newburyport, Mass: Career Press.

Harrison, W.T., Horngren, C.T., Thomas, C.W. and Tietz, W.M. (2019) Financial Accounting: International Financial Report Standards. 12th Ed. Harlow: Pearson.

Marshall, D., McManus, W. and Viele, D. (2023) Accounting: What the Numbers Mean. 13th Ed. London: McGraw Hill.

Weygandt, J.J., Kimmel, P.D. and Kieso, D.E. (2020) Financial Accounting. 11th Ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Wild, J. (2021) Financial Accounting: Information for Decisions. 10th Ed. New York: McGraw Hill.

Weblinks www.accounting.com Accounting.com

“The importance of accounting for small businesses” (Article)

https://single-market-economy.ec.europa.eu European Commission

“Accounting and SMEs” (General reference)

www.forbes.com Forbes

“Why should you have an accountant for your small business?” (Article)

www.accountingtoday.com Accounting Today (General reference) www.fasb.org

Financial Accounting Standards Board (General reference) www.frc.org.uk

Financial Reporting Council (General reference)

HN Global

HN Global Reading Lists. Available at: https://hnglobal.highernationals.com/learningzone/reading-

lists

HN Global Student Resource Library. Available at: https://hnglobal.highernationals.com/subjects/resource-libraries

HN Global Textbooks. Available at: https://hnglobal.highernationals.com/textbooks

Part A-Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Pass

Merit

Distinction

LO1 Examine the context and purpose of accounting.

LO1

D1 Critically evaluate the role of accounting in informing decision- making to meet organisational, stakeholder and societal needs in complex operating environments.

P1 Examine the purpose of the accounting function within an organisation.

P2 Assess the accounting function within the organisation in the context of regulatory and ethical constraints.

M1 Evaluate the context and purpose of the accounting function in meeting organisational, stakeholder and societal needs and expectations.

Part B-Learning Outcomes and Assessment Criteria

Pass

Merit

Distinction

LO2 Prepare basic financial statements for unincorporated and small business organisations in accordance with accounting principles, conventions and standards.

LO2 and LO3

D2 Critically evaluate financial statements to assess organisational performance using a range of measures and benchmarks to make justified conclusions.

P3 Prepare financial statements from a given trial balance for sole traders, partnerships and not-for- profit organisations, to meet accounting principles, conventions and standards.

M2 Produce financial statements from a given trial balance, making appropriate adjustments.

LO3 Interpret financial statements.

P4 Calculate and present financial ratios from a set of final accounts. P5 Compare the performance of

an organisation over time using financial ratios.

M3 Evaluate the performance of an organisation over time, using financial ratios with reference to relevant benchmarks.

Pass

Merit

Distinction

LO4 Prepare budgets for planning, control and decision- making using spreadsheets.

LO4

D3 Justify budgetary control solutions and their impact on organisational decision- making to ensure efficient and effective

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