NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion

ST. Thomas University NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion-Step-By-Step Guide

This guide will demonstrate how to complete the ST. Thomas University NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion assignment based on general principles of academic writing. Here, we will show you the A, B, Cs of completing an academic paper, irrespective of the instructions. After guiding you through what to do, the guide will leave one or two sample essays at the end to highlight the various sections discussed below.

How to Research and Prepare for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion

Whether one passes or fails an academic assignment such as the ST. Thomas University NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion depends on the preparation done beforehand. The first thing to do once you receive an assignment is to quickly skim through the requirements. Once that is done, start going through the instructions one by one to clearly understand what the instructor wants. The most important thing here is to understand the required format—whether it is APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.

After understanding the requirements of the paper, the next phase is to gather relevant materials. The first place to start the research process is the weekly resources. Go through the resources provided in the instructions to determine which ones fit the assignment. After reviewing the provided resources, use the university library to search for additional resources. After gathering sufficient and necessary resources, you are now ready to start drafting your paper.

How to Write the Introduction for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion

The introduction for the ST. Thomas University NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion is where you tell the instructor what your paper will encompass. In three to four statements, highlight the important points that will form the basis of your paper. Here, you can include statistics to show the importance of the topic you will be discussing. At the end of the introduction, write a clear purpose statement outlining what exactly will be contained in the paper. This statement will start with “The purpose of this paper…” and then proceed to outline the various sections of the instructions.

How to Write the Body for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion

After the introduction, move into the main part of the NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion assignment, which is the body. Given that the paper you will be writing is not experimental, the way you organize the headings and subheadings of your paper is critically important. In some cases, you might have to use more subheadings to properly organize the assignment. The organization will depend on the rubric provided. Carefully examine the rubric, as it will contain all the detailed requirements of the assignment. Sometimes, the rubric will have information that the normal instructions lack.

Another important factor to consider at this point is how to do citations. In-text citations are fundamental as they support the arguments and points you make in the paper. At this point, the resources gathered at the beginning will come in handy. Integrating the ideas of the authors with your own will ensure that you produce a comprehensive paper. Also, follow the given citation format. In most cases, APA 7 is the preferred format for nursing assignments.

How to Write the Conclusion for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion

After completing the main sections, write the conclusion of your paper. The conclusion is a summary of the main points you made in your paper. However, you need to rewrite the points and not simply copy and paste them. By restating the points from each subheading, you will provide a nuanced overview of the assignment to the reader.

How to Format the References List for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion

The very last part of your paper involves listing the sources used in your paper. These sources should be listed in alphabetical order and double-spaced. Additionally, use a hanging indent for each source that appears in this list. Lastly, only the sources cited within the body of the paper should appear here.

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Sample Answer for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion

Metastatic Sites

Two common sites of metastasis are the liver and peritoneum; due to the proximity of the two organs, cells can migrate to nearby structures/organs. Along with physical proximity, another mode of metastasis is via blood or lymphatic spread. Blood leaves the pancreas and enters the portal vein, which flows directly to the liver, carrying cancer cells. Another common site of metastasis is the lung. Lungs are the next highly vascular tissue the blood passes through after it leaves the liver and cancer cells can become trapped in the vast capillary beds.

Tumor Markers

Tumor markers are substances that are secreted by cancer cells. Assessing the levels of the markers can aid in determining the disease progression as well as the effectiveness of treatment. There are no tumor markers that are specific for pancreatic cancer only, but some of the markers that are helpful and that are shared with other disease states are CA19-9, Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA), CA 125, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Neuron-specific Enolase. CA 19-9 is the preferred marker for pancreatic cancer (Luo et al., 2021).

Tumor Staging

Mr. JC has Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma T2N1M0 (Roalso et al., 2020), T2 for a tumor size less than or equal to 4 cm, N1 for 1 reported lymph node, and M0 for no distant metastasis. The TNM staging is used to stage the patient’s cancer. Staging is a reliable indicator of the patient’s prognosis, i.e., the 5-year survival rate. It is also used to determine the type of treatment the patient will receive and as an indicator to determine the effectiveness of therapy.

Carcinogenesis and Malignant Tumor Ability to Spread

Malignant tumors are poorly differentiated cells that no longer resemble the original source cells. They can have mutations in the proto-oncogene; this mutation causes unfettered cell growth (Dlugasch & Story, 2020). They are also insensitive to anti-growth signals from the tumor suppressor genes, which are signals to tell cells to stop growing (Dlugasch & Story, 2020). Cells within the tumor promote the growth of new blood vessels in a process called angiogenesis. The increased blood supply provides more nutrients and oxygen to further promote rapid growth. As the tumor grows, it begins to compromise the organ and can eventually start to invade surrounding tissue. Cells can break off from the tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system, where it can spread throughout the body.

Tumor Cell Type

The pancreas is a large gland comprising of epithelial cells and non-epithelial cells surrounded by connective tissue. According to Dlugasch and Story (2020), all interior linings (such as ducts) are made up of epithelial tissue. Mr. JC has cancer of the epithelial tissue of the pancreas.

References

Dlugasch, L., & Story, L. (2020). Applied Pathophysiology for the Advanced Practice Nurse. Jones and Bartlett Learning.

Luo, G., Jin, K., Deng, S., Cheng, H., Fan, Z., Gong, Y., Qian, Y., Huang, Q., Ni, Q., Liu, C., & Yu, X. (2021). Roles of ca19-9 in pancreatic cancer: Biomarker, predictor and promoter. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) – Reviews on Cancer, 1875(2), 188409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188409

Links to an external site.

Orth, M., Metzger, P., Gerum, S., Mayerle, J., Schneider, G., Belka, C., Schnurr, M., & Lauber, K. (2019). Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Biological hallmarks, current status, and future perspectives of combined modality treatment approaches. Radiation Oncology, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13014-019-1345-6

Links to an external site.

Roalso, M., Aunan, J., & Soreide, K. (2020). Refined tnm-staging for pancreatic adenocarcinoma – real progress or much ado about nothing? European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 46(8), 1554 1557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2020.02.014

Links to an external site.

Ruoslahti, E. (1996). How Cancer Spreads. Scientific American, 275(3), 72–77.

Sample Answer 2 for NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion

Potential most common sites for metastasis

The case study is of an 82-year-old man with a complaint of abdominal discomfort and a considerable loss of appetite as well as loss of weight, general weakness and frequent nausea. With a diagnosis of ductal adenocarcinoma, a variation of pancreatic cancer, the most common sites when it comes to metastasis would be the lining within the ducts of the pancreas, bones and lungs as well as the liver and lymph nodes (Anderson et al., 2021). These are considered to cover close to 60% of the reported cases of the condition.

What are tumor cell markers

Tumor cell markers are defined as being anything contained in or produced by cancer cells that can provide a descriptive function about the cancer type. This also extends to things produced by other cells within the body that do this as a general response to the presence of the cancerous cells and does not necessarily just have to be the cancer cells reacting (Sarantis et al., 2020). They are ordered for pancreatic patients because tumor cell markers can provide a lot of information concerning the cancer type. For instance, the tumor marker referred to as CA 19-9 and it helps to describe a pancreatic malignant situation.

TNM Stage classification

Using the TNM Stage Classification, the patient in the case study has a cancer classification of T4N1M0 which is considered to be Stage III (Sarantis et al., 2020). There are a variety of reasons as to why classification is important. A simple one is that the staging allows the physician to know how aggressive the cancer is and what the suitable treatment module will be to start with. The treatments for cancer are numerous and choosing an appropriate one early on can go a long way to increasing chances of recovery. It also helps determine if the patient needs palliative care if the cancer is too aggressive at this point.

Characteristic of malignant tumors

Malignant tumors are primarily characterized by having a rapid and uncontrolled growth cycle as well as an increased loss of differentiation, in addition to having poor boundaries as well as the capacity to tear away from the tumor site and move within the body (Anderson et al., 2021). This can be locally or within the blood stream of the patient. Their function becomes altered and they end up invading the surrounding cells as the metastasize and move within the circulatory system meaning if aggressive enough they can extend deep within the body. It can lead to multiple proliferation sites as the cancer spreads throughout.

Carcinogenesis Phase

In the event a tumor metastasizes, the carcinogenic phase at this point will be found in the third stage. This point is referred to as the progression stage and it will see the tumor invade other cells as it moves away from its original site and then subsequently spreads (Principe et al., 2021). It will have increased resistance to pharmacological interventions and is deemed the last stage. It is irreversible.

Tissue Level

With regards to the case in question, the tissue level that has been affected would be the epithelial tissue (Principe et al., 2021). The categorization of the tumor under adenocarcinoma is what shows that the epithelium is what is most affected.

References

Anderson, E. M., Thomassian, S., Gong, J., Hendifar, A., & Osipov, A. (2021). Advances in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma treatment. Cancers, 13(21), 5510.

Principe, D. R., Underwood, P. W., Korc, M., Trevino, J. G., Munshi, H. G., & Rana, A. (2021). The current treatment paradigm for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and barriers to therapeutic efficacy. Frontiers in Oncology, 11, 688377.

Sarantis, P., Koustas, E., Papadimitropoulou, A., Papavassiliou, A. G., & Karamouzis, M. V. (2020). Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Treatment hurdles, tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy. World journal of gastrointestinal oncology, 12(2), 173.

NUR 502 Module 1 Discussion